The True Age of the Sphinx essays

The True Age of the Sphinx articles The Sphinx is 250 long and 60 ft high. Egyptologist's accepted that the Sphinx was manufactured in 2500 BC in the hour of the pharaoh Chephren, yet late discoveries by John Anthony West recommend that there are water disintegrations not at all like some other imprints found on other Giza landmarks. Dissimilar to sand and wind disintegrations, which produce even checks, West discovered that the disintegration stamps on the Sphinx were vertical...like those related by water, in any case, not at all like the sand and wind marks which can be disclosed gratitude to the damaging powers of the Sahara, where did the watermarks start? The researcher had a few banters over the genuine age of the Sphinx. They speculated that the sphinx must be a lot more seasoned than 9000 years. As there were a ton of downpour tempests and lakes in Africa 10.000 years prior, the Sphinx could be worked in these years. Another point is that the Sphinx isn't a landmark of the old Pharao Chefren. That is the thing that a cop demonstrated after a few explores. In any event they are almost certain how the Sphinx was assembled: From the outset they constructed the head. At that point they fabricated the body. To assemble the body they moved gigantic Squares. That is astonishing that they could move squares this way and that they could fabricate landmarks like the Sphinx and the pyramids. As time passed by the body of the sphinx downpour disintegrated the body of the Sphinx. Later wind disintegrated the Sphinx. They remodeled the ... <!

The Top 4 Part-Time Jobs for Moms

The Top 4 Part-Time Jobs for Moms In the event that being a full time Mom isn’t enough for you, you’re not the only one. Simply Google â€Å"being Mom isn’t enough for me† and you’ll land on page after page of Mommy Blogs catching that very message. It’s insufficient for a large portion of us. What's more, that’s O.K. While there’s enough work for Mom’s to go around, it’s essentially not satisfying enough for some, which has numerous Mom’s searching for something else.Having a side gig that’s separate from your ordinary Mom life is the ideal remedy. Low maintenance work can be fun, social, and a route for you to have your own character (again).If you’re hoping to tingle the scratch and go acquire some money - we’ve got you secured! We gathered together the best low maintenance occupations for Mom’s lined up:1. Direct SalesEvery time I look, one of my Mom companions has propelled a Direct Sales business. There are such huge numbers of direct deals organizations and they were made for Moms, by Moms. From Tupperware to PartyLite to Mary Kay to Stella and Dot; there’s genuinely something for everyone. This is a standout amongst other low maintenance occupations for mothers since you â€Å"own your own business† so you find out about deals, promoting, and bookkeeping. You likewise present to gatherings of ladies in their homes which implies your open talking and introduction aptitudes will hone. It’s enterprising and fulfilling. You’re accountable for your prosperity, your dedication, and best of all - you’re on your time. Need to find out additional? Snap on the accompanying connection for a rundown of direct deals companies.2. Temp AgencyStaffing organizations are a magnificent low maintenance employments for Moms. On the off chance that you’re not comfortable, a staffing office recruits impermanent specialists and afterward dispatches those laborers to different places of work and organizations in the neighborhood an as need premise. As a specialist, you’d be utilized by the organization and afterward credited out to their clients. Contingent upon what your present aptitudes are, you’d be set inside a territory of intrigue and capacity to you. Organizations are incredible for Mom’s in light of the fact that they give adaptable hours, different work undertakings, and new (and energizing) workplaces. The best part about staffing organizations is that the blend of work, conditions, and undertakings likens to expanded abilities, systems administration, and by and large introduction which looks incredible on the resume.3. Volunteer WorkIf your longing to come back to work isn’t about the Benjamin’s, at that point chipping in is a possibility for you. Having the option to offer back to your locale, help other people, and accomplish something that is past â€Å"self† breeds appreciation, care, a nd bliss.  Aside from all the bliss you’d be feeling, it’s an awesome guide to show your youngsters network obligation. Chipping in is an incredible choice for Moms in light of the fact that once more, you can set your own hours and pick your degree of responsibility. As Mom’s we have a restricted transmission capacity so it’s pivotal to distinguish precisely how much time is sufficient to be away from your family. On the off chance that you can locate a volunteer open door that connections back to your family like games, network, or expressions then all the better.4. Energy ProjectIf there’s something that’s been suspicion away at you, there’s no preferred time over the present. Having a side venture that happens to be your purposeful venture lights your inventiveness, assurance, and enthusiasm †and your children will receive the rewards of an empowered Mama. Meaningful ventures could be composing as an afterthought, painting, cooking, beginning a business, or ____! Anything. Consider it along these lines, what might you accomplish for nothing? Do that.To be a superior Mom we as a whole need to deal with ourselves first and at times that requires investigating low maintenance jon. As I would see it implies treating yourself like an individual, not simply Mom.Note: This article was initially distributed on TopResume.TopResume is a Talent Inc. organization, the individual marking goal for all vocation driven experts. Through our broad system of expert scholars, we offer profession counsel and break down and compose a greater number of resumes and LinkedIn profiles than some other help on the planet. Prepared to begin? Solicitation a free resume scrutinize today.

Effects of Bullying on a Child With Social Anxiety

Effects of Bullying on a Child With Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Work and School Print Effects of Bullying on a Child With Social Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 06, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 06, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Getty / PeopleImages Bullying in school can be a particular problem for children with social anxiety. The first step to helping a bullied child is to learn about the effects of bullying. Perhaps you have seen a change in your childs behavior that has you worried and you might be wondering things such as the following: What are the immediate and long-term effects of bullying?Will bullying make your childs social anxiety worse?What can you do to help your child cope? How Common Is Bullying? Bullying has become an increasingly common occurrence in schools and playgrounds. Whether cyberbullying, harassment at school, or physical violence on the school bus, many children live in fear. About one in five children will be bullied from elementary through high school. If you have a socially anxious child, bullying may be even more prevalent. Bullies pick on children who have trouble defending themselves. Sometimes victims of bullying may even become bullies themselves. Signs of a Bullied Child How can you tell if your child with social anxiety is being bullied? Look for warning signs such as the following:   Change in a desire to go to schoolDamaged or lost belongingsSadness or anxietyPhysical ailmentsTrouble sleeping Hidden Bullying and Long-Term Effects Most children who are bullied do not tell anyone. In particular, older boys are less likely to report bullying. Pay attention to changes in your childs behavior and emotions so that you can pick up on bullying that is being hidden. The long-term effects of bullying on a child can include problems with self-esteem and anxiety. It is important to intervene early if you suspect that bullying is taking place. 13 Ways to Build Self-Esteem and Prevent Bullying Why Bullies Target Those With Social Anxiety Children who are socially anxious become targets of bullies for a number of reasons. Specifically, bullies tend to target children who exhibit the following: Have a few friends or spend a lot of time aloneLack assertivenessAppear vulnerable and have low self-esteemHave poor social skills or problems developing friendships Children who have few friends are unable to defend themselves and those with low feelings of self-worth may not stand up for themselves. Why Certain Kids Are Bullied More Than Others Bullying Makes Social Anxiety Worse Some studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of bullying using rodents such as mice or rats. Though this might sound strange, rodents are believed to have similar stress responses as humans, so this type of research is meaningful. In one study, mice were exposed to a mouse bully over the course of 10 days and changes in the brain of the stressed mice were examined. Results indicated that the hormone vasopressin was activated, which led to an increase in brain receptors sensitive to social stimuli. After the stress, the bullied mice stayed away from all other mice, even friendly ones. This shows that humans may have the same reaction: chronic bullying may elevate stress hormones that could cause a reduction in social behavior. In a second study, rats were subjected to social stress but were either housed with another rat or alone before and after the stress. Findings showed that the stressed rats who had been paired with a friend before and after were more resilient and better able to recover. This research suggests that having even just one friend may have a protective effect for your child to withstand bullying. In a related study with humans, researchers found the following: bullying during adolescence leads to an increased risk of symptoms of social anxiety disorderboys with social anxiety are more likely to be bulliedreporting bullying can be extremely difficult for children with social anxiety How to Cope With Bullying While it may be tempting to take a bullying situation with your child into your own hands, there are steps you can take to help de-escalate the situation and protect your child.Be open to discussing the bullying and dont criticize how your child has handled the situation so far.Inform your childs teacher and principal about the bullying. Make sure that your child has an adult at school that he can tell if he is being bullied.Encourage your child to develop friendships at school. Identify safe places that she can go outside of school if she feels threatened, such as a block parents home.If there is not already a bullying prevention program in place at your childs school you may wish to make the suggestion. A Word From Verywell If you suspect that your child is being bullied, take the situation seriously. Children are embarrassed and ashamed to admit to being bullied, so your support is critical. Stay calm, talk to the school, and give your child skills to cope with the situation.

The Death of Ivan Illych Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Literary theories are important because they provide viewpoints for the analysis of literature work. Through the application of the different approaches defined by the theories, it is possible to create a correlation between certain events and the characters, establish the impact created by the environment in the personalities depicted by literature and also have a clear understanding of the objectives of the literature work. Literature theories help to formulate more informed interpretations in which the logic and ideas as presented are merged (Eagleton, Terry 2006). The fiction story, The Death of Ivan Illych, literary theories help to understand the inspiration behind the theme of the story. It is also a story with moral lessons and the impact of childhood experiences on adult life (Tolstoy, Leo 2010). In the interpretation of literature, literary theories provide a historical approach to narratives, novellas, and other genres by linking the genre to a specific historical context . The theories trace the evolution of genres of literature engenders the relevance of linguistics much more than the unconscious elements of literature. Through the understanding of the key features characteristic of the genres, a reader is able to apply this knowledge in making logical interpretation of literature. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death of Ivan Illych or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page According to this theory, childhood experiences have a great impact on one s perspectives on life.

A Comparison of Country and City Life in Alan Patons Cry...

The country and the city life depicted in Alan Patons novel Cry, The Beloved Country portray two different aspects of life in South Africa in the later half of the 1940s. The country life in the book is Ndotsheni and the city life is Johannesburg. Neither country life or city life would be considered perfect. Both living areas enjoyed positive aspects and negative drawbacks. The country was looked at as the backward part of South Africa, and the city was looked at as the advanced part of South Africa. For the most part though people living in the country would rater stay in the country, and those who make their living in the city would rather live there. These two parts of the country were only separated by a days worth of travel on†¦show more content†¦The Africans of Ndotsheni were backward people. They did have a school, but there were only teaching the same principles that had been passed on for generations. They were an uneducated people, as far as it would have been t hought in the European sense of education. Family plays an important role to the tribes of Ndotsheni. The whole tribe looks after each other as if they were one large family. When a person is sick the whole community prays for a quick recovery. The community was anything but modern at this time. They little of modern technology and saw very few motorized vehicles. Quite a bit different from the life in Ndotsheni was the city life of Johannesburg. This was an industrial city thriving off the mining of gold deposits. The white man was making a fortune off of the gold industry. The city was home to mostly all Afrikaners. The surrounding suburbs were where Africans were able to buy land or set up in shantytowns. This type of housing was barely decent enough to be called a home. In a suburb such as Claremont it is shabby and dirty, and the streets are filled with filth. In these areas is where loose women and criminals tended to live or hide out in. These are also the areas where the black children did not attend school either because they do not care or their parents do not care, or the schools are full. (59) The whites of the cityShow MoreRelated Cry the Beloved Country Movie versus Film Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pages Cry, the Beloved Country is a moving story of the Zulu pastor Stephen Kumalo and his son Absalom. They live in an Africa torn apart by racial tensions and hate. It is based on a work of love and hope, courage, and endurance, and deals with the dignity of man. The author lived and died (1992) in South Africa and was one of the greatest writers of that country. His other works include Too Late the Phalarope, Ah, but Your Land Is Beautiful, and Tales from a Troubled Land. The book was made

Minor Parties Free Essays

Impact of Minor Parties In this paper, I will be discussing the impact of minor parties. Minor parties are political parties who have little to no impact on elections due to the amount of supporters and/or money is put into the party. However, in the United States, minor parties sometimes have a huge impact on politics and elections, whether it’s just getting their word out there and the major parties actually listen and discuss their issues, or they can even change which major party wins the election. We will write a custom essay sample on Minor Parties or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whatever the case may be, it shows that minor parties are just as effective as the major parties, although they have never come out on top. Just because they are minor, does not mean they have no say or no impact in government. They are just as important as the major parties, and they should always be taken into consideration during election time. In my opinion, I think minor parties are great for this country. They bring in different views and ideas, and I like to hear what some of them have to say. The United States is a free country, and in the first amendment of the Constitution, it allows us the right of free speech. This means anyone can express their thoughts and views on just about anything, and the minor parties do just that. They have gotten a say in politics, and the major parties sometimes bring the minor parties’ issues into discussion because they agree that their issue is a serious problem, and it needs to be fixed. I think it’s good that we don’t always have to hear the same boring stuff about issues we already know about. Even though they may never win a presidential election, at least there is some party out there that understands the issues that the major parties nor the majority of the United States citizens never really thought about. There has been a long history of minor party candidates running for President, starting with the Anti-Masonic Party led by William Whit in 1832, and ending with the Reformist Party led by Ross Perot in 1996. There have even been very successful minor parties. Some examples are Theodore Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party in 1912, John Breckenridge’s Southern Democrat Party in 1860, and the most successful and recent one of our time Ross Perot’s Independent Party in 1992. All of these parties I mentioned made an impact on their respected elections, and because of them, they brought in new ideas and have shaped our current government. In this paragraph, I am going to discuss the 1992 election, and how a minor party greatly effected this election. In 1992, the Independent Party led by Ross Perot was running up against George W. Bush Sr. of the Republican Party and Bill Clinton of the Democratic Party. Perot was a member of the Republican Party prior to the election, but because of his disagreements with both of the parties’ issues, he decided to run as an independent. Bush Sr. was the current President, and was a shoe in for this election, but because of Perot’s switching of parties and how vocal he was, Bush lost supporters, while Perot gained a lot. Because of this, Clinton won with only 43% of the popular vote, while Bush had about 37%, and Perot had about 20%. This was one of the only times a President was elected into office without the majority vote. This became the turning point on how the people viewed minor parties, and ever since, the government has started to listen to their views more often. There are even two independents in the Senate right now, taking the impact of minor parties another step further. With these minor parties there are supporters of them and there are people who are against them. The supporters of minor parties in the United States are obviously the minor parties themselves and the people who support them because they want a say in politics so the current government can discuss them, and possibly change things around a little to their benefit if necessary. Another supporter would be the major party who got into office in an election because of the minor parties because if it weren’t for the minor parties and their popularity at the time, the major party’s candidate may have not gotten into office. The people who oppose them would probably be the major parties who lose an election due to the minor parties because the minor parties screwed them over from winning a presidential election. For example, the Republican Party was more than likely very angry at Perot for not only leaving their party, but also costing them the 1992 election. The Democrats were obviously very happy because if it weren’t for Perot, Clinton would have never been President that year. In conclusion, minor parties are great for our country. Even though they never win, they still have an impact on politics and sometimes the elections. The only alternative I would suggest would be for the major parties to listen more to the minor parties because as of right now, nothing good is being done for this country to be turned around. There is a great deal of partisanship in the government right now, and no one is willing to work with one another because they are only concerned with their views and their party’s views, without taking others’ views into consideration. A minor party may have a good idea that both parties like, and it may be able to bring some bipartisanship back in the government and even help our economy a little bit. There is nothing wrong with minor parties in this country, and I hope the major parties listen to more of their ideas in the future. Works Cited Leip, David. â€Å"1992 Presidential General Election Results. † US Selection Atlas. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. Lightman, Max. â€Å"The Role of Minor Parties in Politics. † Slideshare. N. p. , 30 Apr. 2008. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. Salka, William M. â€Å"The Impact of Minor Parties on Electoral Competition: An Examination of US. † N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. How to cite Minor Parties, Essay examples

Business Reflection Business Communication Places

Question: Discuss about the Business Reflection for Business Communication Places. Answer: Introduction Communication takes place everywhere to facilitate exchange of information, facts and thoughts between two persons. Effective communication is required for business to establish efficient working environment and increase productivity. This is because it helps in decision-making, convincing, enhancing professional image and increase productivity. In this context, study of communication module has helped me in clearing the theoretical concepts of professional communication and provided required learning to communicate effectively. Communication skills of writing, reading and listening carefully are very important for students as well as businessperson. This essay is a reflection on my understanding of effective communication module and covers the different aspects of communication that have helped me in increasing the effectiveness of professional communication. It covers six modules that integrate the dilemma of effective business communication, such as fundamentals of communication, oral presentations, organizational communication, soliciting information for interview, small group communication and process, cross culture communication. It also discusses how learning of communicate effectively can be helpful to become a competent communicator. Furthermore, this will be helpful in improve knowledge about the concept and opportunity to better communication and will develop new ideas through interaction with various cultures people. Understanding Communication: Theory and Professional practice The first week of the module coved different theories related to communication. However, professional communication and ethics and verbal and non-verbal communication caught my attention as I found these two topics most useful. In this module, I learnt about the importance of communication that can help me to inform, persuade and entertain the other party easily. Communication is very important everywhere to exchange the information and for the effective decision-making. Non-verbal communication is a way of communication to share the message through gestures, eye contact and different posture. In context of this module, I also read an article named The Concept of Communication by Frank Dance. This article mainly focused on the various definitions of communication that can contribute to understanding the concept of communication. It explained the different components in relation to the concept of communication. In this journal 15 different components were described and the conceptual components were critically divide on the basis of three points viz. level of observation, presence and absence of intend on the part of sender and the normative judgment. Everyone, to share the required information uses communication. Professionals communicate to transfer information regarding the important goals and objective that need to be achieved by the organization. From this module, I also learnt about the ethical communication that is important for the professional communicator. In this module, I studied about the verbal and non-verbal way of communication. I identified that non-verbal as well as verbal communication plays an important role for the professional leader. After studying this module I am able to differentiate the importance of the verbal and non-verbal communication. Additionally, I understood about the importance of active listening that establishes a connection between speaker and listener. Moreover, I learnt that there are many barriers to listening that can affect the meaning of information being communicated and I know that how can a professional share the communication by the non-verbal cues. I reckon that models and theorie s focus on different aspects of the communication, and the most famous transmission model is described which helped me to understand the process of communication. I also discovered that communication competency of a manager is helpful in giving feedbacks, motivating, instructing and advising the team, and this competency has an impact on the followers. In professional life, better communication has become a crucial aspect to build image among the co-workers. In future, understanding of the professional communication and ethics of communication would be helpful to enhance my communication skill. After getting the knowledge of verbal and non-verbal communication, I would be able to easily share the information at workplace. Hence, the understanding of the concept of professional communication would add value to my professional skills. Communicating to an Audience: Vocational Presentations The second module covered the different aspect of oral presentations and how oral presentations impact the listener. Oral presentation is an effective form of communication that can persuade audience easily. In professional life vocational presentation plays important role to inform the employee orally. Presentations on training can be undertaken to inform the workforce about their job that they need to perform better and increase the production efficiency. For the oral presentation, I read an article on training and the need of adult learners that focused on the fact that learning needs of adults are different from children. I learnt about the principles of the adult learning that can make learning useful for the adults. In addition to this, adults learn better through goal based training that can be applied in real life challenges. This article encompassed different strategies for adults to learn during training. These strategies are lecture-based training, problem based learning, case studies, role play and discussion. In this article, andragogy is discussed that was introduced by Malcolm Knowles in 1970s and that focuses on the six assumptions of adult learning. These are need to know, self-concept, prior experience, readiness to learn, learning orientations and motivations to learning. From the point of view of oral presentation, I learnt that effective oral presentation attracts more audience. Oral presentation module taught me ways through which I can improve my public communication. In professional life, apprehension about the communication is very high at the subordinate level. This module helped to understand that it is only though practice that one can overcome the apprehension. I also learned the importance of developing an effective speech to add value in the professional competency. After reading this topic, I learnt how to design an effective oral presentation. Furthermore, two different format of presentation described in the module, enabled me to prepare a structure of the oral presentation. This module discussed about the different pattern of oral presentation based on the information such as chronological, spatial, topical and casual. This module talks about the importance of visual aids and different type of visual aids that would be helpful in inter preting the information effectively. In regards to this, I know the importance of the visual aids that can entertain the audience. In this module, the examples of sales presentation and training presentation also explained that how I could improve my presentation skills when I need to grab the persuasion of audience for selling the product. In professional life, oral presentations have become an important tool to communicate with the audience. In the module two, basic rules and regulations were described that would be important in future to implement in real professional life. Oral presentation module empowered me to learn the techniques to inform the audience. From this module, I learnt the importance of training that would be supportive tool to motivate the sales person and to improve the skills of the employees in organization. Additionally better oral presentation influences audience to buy the product. Overall, this module was helpful for me to become a persuasive public speaker that will add value in my professional carrier. Organizational Communication In this module, organizational communication and right communication medium were the concepts that I found most useful. Organizational communication refers to a process of delivering the information from top level to the lower level and vice-versa. Nowadays effective organizational communication has become an important factor for overall functioning and success of the organization. Organizational communication can be defined as a tool that controls, co-ordinates and maintain all activities within the organization. Many functions are performed through communication within organisations. Implementing the right channel for communication helps in optimizing the worker productivity and ensure smooth running of the organization. To understand more about organisational communication, I read a few chapters from G.M. Goldhabers Organisational Communication. It explained different concepts of communication and discussed ways in which better communication can affect the efficiency of the organization. Furthermore, it reviewed the seven key concepts of the organizational communication such as message, network, relationship, interdependence, environment, network and uncertainty. From this module, I learnt about the functions of the organization communication that would enable me to utilize the resources efficiently. I understood the structure of the organization that helped me to know the formal and informal process of organization. From organizational communication module, I got familiar with different channels of communication such as face-to-face communication, broadcast media, mobile, web, and written communication that are used by the organisations. I learnt about media richness theory (MRT) that covers the feedback, cues, language variety and personal focus for the strong communication environment. I understood that many barriers affect the sharing of actual message. These barriers distort the right meaning of the message that affects the work efficiency of the workers. I learnt that clear delivery of the message reduces the cost that is associated with the overall profitability of the firm. To learn about the basic structure of organizational communication will be helpful in my professional life to adopt right way of sharing the information. I would be able to choose the effective and cheap communication channel for delivery of the message at right time. Through this module, I understood the whole structure of communication, barriers of communication, process of communication that would enable me to detect the mistakes in the communication delivery. I also learnt the dual capacity model of media choice through which I will choose the right channel considering all the factors that affect the communication process and how I can analyze and easily mitigate them. Soliciting Information: Interviewing and Asking Questions This module was based on conducting interviews in professional context. I found interview structure and interview ethics most useful and practical. Interview is also a medium of communication through which a suitable candidate is selected for the organization. Interview can be defined as a face to face conversation between two persons. Interview is a two way conversation between interviewer and interviewee. This module also includes the ethics that are needed for conducting a proper interview. Interview plays important role in assessing the candidates capability. At the same time, ethics contain code of conducts that are followed by the interviewer because he represents the organization and takes interview as per the prescribed code of conduct. During this module, I read an article named Literacy and information interviews. The article discussed about the importance of informational interview for understanding different categories of people. Informational interviews helps in improvin g the writing, editing and interview skills for learners. Soft skills are important part of professional life and help in enhancing confidence, adaptability and ability to manage risk in business. Nowadays interviewing has become an important tool for assessing the perfect candidate or for entering into the professional line. This module is about soliciting information about interview and related to this. This module taught me about the process of taking interview and ethics at the time of interview. From the study about the interview module I learned about the structure of the interview that would help me to be a perfect communicator while taking interview. It will develop my skills that I can use to select a candidate for business. This chapter describes the structure of the interview also, that will help me to ask relevant questions to the candidate in a formal way. From this module I learned the ethics that we need to follow at the time of interview and it will also develop my skills those are required for a perfect interview. In addition to this I learned the schedule of the interview questions which support me to prepare a list of relevant questions to ask the interviewe r. This module of interview will help to me in my professional life to be a good interviewer. I would be able to ask relevant questions to the candidate and select best candidate out of pool. It will also develop my soft skills to manage the risk in this competitive market and I can lead the team easily. Learning of this module will support me to being an ethical manager in the organization. Small Group Communication and Processes Module 9 related to group communication and processes. In this module, I found effective business communication, small group communication and processes and meeting useful. Group communication can be defined as interpersonal communication between two or more than two persons. It is an internal communication through which information is shared. These types of small groups in organization are created to solve particular problems, to take important decision and submitting the report to the management. In organization many small groups are formed such as management committee, decision making committee and personal committee. At the same time, meeting is also important to discuss the problem with the staff of the organization. Meeting is a tool for organization to interact with employees, discuss and take important decisions. In journal, stages of small-group development revisited, different stages of group development are discussed. Tuckman suggested that, a small group in the organizati on goes through four different stages. In this article, Tuckman proposed a model to create a small group in organization for easily sharing information between the members. In each and every organization many small groups exist to resolve the problems that occurred at this time. Understanding the process of small group communication will help me to know the process of sharing information in organization. I understood the different stages of small group communication. In addition to this, I know about organizing meeting for the effective planning and the different category of meeting studied such as information sharing meeting and problem solving meeting. With this, I learnt that meeting is an important part of the organization. I also got the knowledge about the difference between group and team. By studying this module, I also learnt about group decision emergence theory. This theory includes four phases viz. orientation, conflict, emergence and reinforcement. Overall, this module taught me about forming small groups for business purposes and conducting group communication and meetings. This module will help me to form the different small groups in organization to solve particular problems at a time. It also taught me about organizing meetings in company to take many important decisions, so it would help me in my future course of business to reach at conclusion. At the same time, it will also support me to overcome the barriers in small groups. Cross-Culture Communication: Overcoming Barriers to Understanding In this module cross culture communication and different aspect related to the intercultural concepts are described to overcome the barrier between the cultural communications. Cross culture communication can be defined as communication between different cultures in an organization. In cross culture communication, many barriers affect the communication. These barriers include language, culture, perceptions and emotions. Article Facework competency in intercultural conflict: an updated face negotiation theory is selected for analysis. In this article, theory of face negotiation is described for intercultural conflicts. Furthermore, a facework competency model is introduced. With this, major training and research issues are discussed to understand the facework model easily. In addition to this, it is analyzed that conflicts threaten face of individuals. Cross culture communication affects global business. In every organization different cultures workforce works altogether. This module taught me about the cross culture communication. I understand high and low context culture and cross culture communication styles that would help me in getting over dilemma of cross culture communication. Cross culture communication described the ability to improve relationship with different culture member. Form this module, I learnt about the face negotiation theory that directs me to understand theoretical background that how people accomplish facework in different culture. I learnt that face involves the different feelings of respect, honor, status and loyalty. Facework communicate message by different expressions of body. I also know that how non-verbal and culture are related to each other. I understood that many barriers affect the cross-culture communication such as language, culture, perception or emotions of individuals. We know that in every organization people from different culture are working, they all are having different beliefs, values and communication style so effective business communication need to understand cultural aspect of peoples. I learnt the importance of cross culture communication. It helps in creating more job opportunities, share views and to gain an understanding of the globally diverse market. I also studied about the intercultural competence, it brings me to understand the culture diversity for better communication and develop the awareness of individual cultures. Learning of this module would help in my professional carrier to understand the cross culture barriers and how can I remove these for effective business communication. It will assist to examine the facial expressions of different cultural workforce working in an organization. It will also develop my cultural awareness the can support me to analyze the nature of individual for good communication. Difference between low context culture and high context culture will enable me to communicate with workforce verbally or non-verbally. Overall study of this module will help me to better communicate that directly impact on the productivity of business. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that these six modules were very informative and improved my current knowledge. This module taught me the fundamentals of effective business communication and enhanced my communication skills. I understood the basic outcomes of communication through verbal and non-verbal way of communication. I became familiar with oral presentation that can help me to emerge as a good public communicator and I can easily persuade and motivate the audience to buy product. In addition to this, I understood the different communication channels through which a message can be shared effectively. I found that how barriers of communication could affect the efficiency of the communication. Furthermore, I updated my knowledge of taking interview in a proper manner by which I can select a suitable candidate for organization through structured interview. I know the consequences of forming small group in organization for solving problem for business. Cross-cultural communication takes place in every organization where people from various culture work together. It enables me to remove the communication barrier. Overall, it can be concluded that the learning from the communications modules will enhance the communication skills that will empower me to become a competent communicator and improved my current knowledge.

Bsnl Training Essay Example

Bsnl Training Essay A TRAINING REPORT ON BROADBAND SERVICES - SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Training Placement Cell MUDIT GUPTA (S. D. COLEGE OF ENGG. BRANCH – C. S. TECHNOLOGY) SEM. – VII CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the training report entitled bSNL bROADBAND SERVICES submitted is a bonafide study work carried out by MR. MUDIT GUPTA under the supervision and guidance of SH. K. P. SINGH. During training period, trainee has learnt about overall exposure of RLU exchange, telecommunication network and bsnl broadband and 3G services. MUDIT GUPTA is a student of b. tech ivth year, S. d. College of engineering and technology, muzaffarnagar(u. p. ) . He has attended the b. s. n. l, Shivchowk, Exchange, Muzaffarnagar for six weeks. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am very much thankful and want to express my profound gratitude in respect of Computer Engineers, b. s. n. l. ,mzn, who permitted me for the practical training in their Department. I am also grateful to all Technical Staff of B. S. N. L. whose transcendent thoughts were the tremendous source of inspiration and encouragement, which will be definitely important for me as far my future is concerned. They explained primary techniques in a very easy manner. I also extend my gratitude to whole staff of B. S. N. L. , Muzaffarnagar, for their kind cooperation. CONTENTS Page No.  ¦ Company Profile 4-5  ¦ Vision, Mission and Objectives 6  ¦ Broadband Services 9 Technology Used 10  ¦ Wired Line 11-17  ¦ Wireless Line 18-26  ¦ Bibliography 12 COMPANY PROFILE On October 1, 2000 the Department of Telecom Operations, Government of India became a corporation and was christened Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). We will write a custom essay sample on Bsnl Training specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Bsnl Training specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Bsnl Training specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Today, BSNL is the largest Public Sector Undertaking of India and its responsibilities include improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom network introduction of new telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among its customers. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is Worlds 7th largest Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wireline, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. Presently it is one of the largest leading public sector unit in India. BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now focusing on improving it, expanding the network, introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in villages and wining customers confidence. Today, it has about 47. 3 million line basic telephone capacity, 4 million WLL capacity, 48. 11 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382 fixed exchanges, 44966 BTS, 3140 Node B ( 3G BTS), 287 Satellite Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5. Lakhs villages. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook corner of country and operates across India except Delhi Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier an d North-eastern region of the country. BSNL serves its customers with its wide bouquet of telecom services. BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 0. 6 million DataOne broadband customers. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute. BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 49. 09 million cellular customers, garnering 16. 98 percent of all mobile users in its area of operation as its subscribers. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35. 1 million Basic Phone subscribers i. e. 85 per cent share of the subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms. BSNL plans to expand its customer base from present 47 millions lines to 125 million lines by December 2007 and infrastructure investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16. 67 million) in the next three years. The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of telecom services and the desire to excel has made BSNL the No. 1 Telecom Company of India. VISION, MISSION OBJECTIVES VISION: To become the largest telecom Service Provider in   Asia. MISSION: To provide world class State-of-art technology telecom services to its customers on demand at competitive prices. To Provide world class telecom infrastructure in its area of operation and to contribute to the growth of  the  countrys economy. OBJECTIVES: (1) To be the Lead Telecom Services Provider. (2) To provide mobile telephone service of high quality and become no. 1 GSM operator in its area of operation. (3) To provide point of interconnection to other service provider as per their requirement promptly. 4) Contribute towards: (i) National Plan Target of 500 million subscriber base for India by 2010. (ii) Providing telephone connection in villages as per government policy. (iii) Implementation of Triple play as a regular commercial proposition. (5) To facilitate R D activity in the country. Voice The majority of all telecommunication today uses Digital techniques, and the dominance of digital is so strong that in this text we will neglect Analog communication almost completely. When communicating voice digitally, the sound waves in the air must be digitalized. This is done by sampling the sound waves: measuring their shape, and converting this measurement into numbers. These numbers are a digital form of the voice signal. At the receiver, the measurement values (called samples) are used to reconstruct the original sound wave. To be able to reconstruct the voice with sufficient quality, the number of samples taken (called the Sampling-rate) and the accuracy of each sample (called the Resolution) must be sufficient. This is a trade-off, because the more samples, the more digital numbers needs to be transmitted, and this costs money. As a good compromise for understandable voice, the telecom community agreed to take 8000 samples per second, each 8 bits precise. This will not result into perfect audio-quality, but it is enough to understand the person on the other side of the line. As you are converting the sound waves to digital numbers, you create a continuous stream of information flow: every second you generate transport terminate 8000*8 = 64000 bits. This amount is called the Bit-rate. As a result a single digital voice connection is often referred to as a 64 kbps (kilo-bits-per-second). This continuous stream lasts as long as the phone conversation lasts, typically a few minutes. Note: As a comparison, an audio CD signal uses 44100 samples per second, each 16 bit precision, and two channels (left+right) to provide stereo. You will agree that CD sound quality is much better than a phone-line, but the price for this is that you need to transport 1. 411 Mbps for the CD (mega-bits-per-second), where only 64 kbps for a telephone line. Data When computers or machines communicate with each other, they usually dont send a continuous stream of information. Typically a computer needs some limited input data, then processes this, and responds with a limited amount of result data. Therefore data communication is using the concept of information packets a group of information bits. So one computer sends a packet of input to the other computer, which processes it, and then returns a packet with the results. BROADBAND SERVICES Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s (0. 256 Mbit/s) or more is considered broadband Internet. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has defined broadband as 256 kbit/s in at least one direction and this bit rate is the most common baseline that is marketed as broadband around the world. Telecommunication regulatory authority of India(TRAI) defines broadband as â€Å"an always on data connection that is able to support interactive services including internet access has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256Kbps to an individual subscriber from the point of presence of the service provider intending to provide broadband service where multiple uch individual broadband connections are aggregated the subscriber is able to access these interactive services including the internet through the POP. The interactive services will include any services for which a separate license is specifically required. For example- real time voice transmission, except to the extent that it is presently permitted under ISP license with internet Telephony†. TECHNOLOGY USED Broadband access technology is classified into two categories: Wired Line * DSL (Digital subscriber’s line) * Cable Modem * PLC (power line communication) * Optical fibre technologies Wireless Line * 3G Mobile Wi-Fi (Wireless fidelity) * Wi-Max * FSO (Free space optical) * LMDS MMDS * Satellite Wired Line: * DSL: Digital subscriber lines apply modern digital techniques on twisted pair medium to deliver new services over existing infrastructure. The bandwidth and quality of a typical analog telephone line is relatively low (300 3400 Hz). This is mainly because there is a wide variety of types, lengths, qualities, etc of twisted pairs used, and an analog line must assume the worst-case common denominator of all. However, todays more powerful signal processing and computing techniques allow building equipment hat adapts to each particular twisted pair, optimizing the use of it case by case, and resulting in much higher throughputs. For the Telecom operator, the advantages are: * No additional cable-cost: uses existing telephone line. * Telephone network is not used for data-services, like accessing the Internet. Telephone networks are dimensioned for phone calls, not for accessing the Internet. For example the average phone call duration is 100 seconds, when surfing the Internet this is much longer, resulting in congestion in the telephone network. Advantages for the end-user: High throughput up to Mbps. * Telephone is still available when surfing the Internet, telephone and data-services can be used at the same time. HDSL XDSL is a family name for a number of similar techniques. The x is a placeholder for several variants of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). The first one, which was developed, was High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) It is a symmetrical technique, the same bandwidth is available in both directions. HDSL is typically deployed in the network where 2. 048 Mbps are needed, but only twisted pair (no coax or fiber) is a vailable. ADSL Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is the best-known variant of XDSL: The main principles are the same, but the bandwidths are divided Asymmetrical: more bandwidth is made available from network to user (Downstream) then from network to user (Upstream). This matches with typical residential applications, Such as: * Video-on-Demand (VOD): video, typically a few Mbps going downstream, with the user control (selecting the video, play, stop, rewind, etc) only a few kbps going upstream. * Internet: WEB-contents going downstream are megabytes; user requests are only a few hundred bytes. Figure: Internet Access Provider, ADSL VDSL Digital subscriber lines make a trade-off between bandwidth and distance: the shorter the line, the higher the throughput. As a result of this, a number of variants of DSL-techniques are being developed, from long distance – low bandwidth to short distance high bandwidth. Another parameter is the division of Upstream/Downstream bandwidth. This can be: * Symmetrical: the same in each direction, * Asymmetrical, fixed * Asymmetrical, dynamic: the total bandwidth, upstream+downstream is fixed, but at any time this total can be assigned in a certain ratio to either direction. New DSL variants using these new techniques are called Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) Figure: Different DSL technique CABLE MODEM A cable modem with a splitter can provide Internet access to multiple PCs, if they are connected via a LAN. * Tuner converts TV channel to a fixed lower frequency (6 to 40 Mhz). * Demodulator performs A/D demodulation, error correction MPEG synchronization. * MAC extracts data from MPEG frames, filters data for other cable modem, runs the protocol. * Burst modulator performs RS encoding modulation frequency conversion/A conversion. Interface can be PCI bus, universal serial bus, Ethernet or others. Figure : -Cable Modem POWER-LINE COMMUNICATION(PLC) This is a new service still in its infancy that may eventually permit broadband Internet data to travel down standard high-voltage power lines. Broadband over power lines (BPL), also known as Power line communication, has developed faster in Europe than in the US due to a historical difference in power system design philosophies. Nearly all large power grids transmit power at high voltages in order to reduce transmission losses, then near the customer use step-down transformers to reduce the voltage. Since BPL signals cannot readily pass through transformers, repeaters must be attached to the transformers. In the US, it is common for a small transformer hung from a utility pole to service a single house. In Europe, it is more common for a somewhat larger transformer to service 10 or 100 houses. For delivering power to customers, this difference in design makes little difference, but it means delivering BPL over the power grid of a typical US city will require an order of magnitude more repeaters than would be required in a comparable European city. The second major issue is signal strength and operating frequency. The system is expected to use frequencies in the 10 to 30 MHz range, which has been used for decades by licensed amateur radio operators, as well as international shortwave broadcasters and a variety of communications systems (military, aeronautical, etc. ). However there are some disadvantages of using PLC communication: N/w characterstics devices can advesely affect signal strength quality. Electronic loads nearby high frequency radiation sources may cause high frequency noise that interferes BPL. Some PLC systems are not fully operable at very low or no load without battery backup. Physics limits frequency on power lines to ; 100 Mhz. BPL is not likely to be available soon for high voltage(;66Kv)power lines. Conventional electronic surge arrestors severely attenuate BPL signals. OPTIC-FIBRE TECHNOLOGY Currently fibre costs are high as compared to copper but there is a trend towards decreasing costs of optical fibre cables and photonics employed. To carry same information as one fibre cable we would need hundreds of reels of twisted wire copper cables. Fibre is 23 times lighter than copper cable 36 times less in cross section. Advantages Of Optic-Fibre Communication: Small Size and Weight: Optical fibers have very small diameters which are often no greater than the diameter of a human hair. Hence, even when such fibers are covered with protective coatings they are far smaller and much lighter than corresponding copper cables. This is a tremendous boon towards the alleviation of duct congestion in cities, as well as allowing for an expansion of signal transmiss ion within mobiles such as aircraft, satellites and even ships. †¢ Signal Security: The light from optical fibers does not radiate significantly and therefore they provide a high degree of signal security. Unlike the situation with copper cables, a transmitted optical signal cannot be obtained from a fiber in a noninvasive manner (i. e. without drawing optical power from the fiber). Therefore, in theory, any attempt to acquire a message signal transmitted optically may be detected. This feature is obviously attractive for military, banking and general data transmission (i. e. computer network) application. †¢ Ruggedness and Flexibility:- Although protective coatings are essential, optical fibers may be manufactured with very high tensile strengths. Perhaps surprisingly for a glassy substance, the fibers may also be bent to quite small radii or twisted without damage. Furthermore cable structures have been developed which have proved flexible, compact and extremely rugged. Taking the size and weight advantage into account, these optical fiber cables are generally superior in terms of storage, transportation, handling and installation to corresponding copper cables, whilst exhibiting at least comparable strength and durability. †¢ System Reliability And Ease Of Maintenance :- These features primarily stem from the low loss property of optical fiber cables which reduces the equirement for intermediate repeaters or line amplifiers to boost the transmitted signal strength. Hence with fewer repeaters, system furthermore, the reliability of the optical components is no longer a problem with predicted lifetimes of 20 to 30 years now quite common. Both these factors also tend to reduce maintenance time and costs. †¢ Enormous P otential Bandwidth: The optical carrier frequency in the range 1013 to 1016 Hz (generally in the near infrared around 1014 Hz or 105 GHz) yields a far greater potential transmission bandwidth than metallic cable systems. i. e. coaxial cable bandwidth up to around 500 MHz) or even millimetre wave radio systems (i. e. systems currently operating with modulation bandwidths of 700 MHz ). At present, the bandwidth available to fiber systems is not fully utilized but modulation at several gigahertz over a hundred kilometers and hundreds of megahertz over three hundred kilometers without intervening electronics (repeaters) is possible. Therefore, the information – carrying capacity of optical fiber systems has proved far superior to the best copper cable systems. Wireless Line: * Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Bluetooth enables these devices to communicate with each other when they are in range. The devices use a radio communications system, so they do not have to be in line of sight of each other, and can even be in other rooms, as long as the received transmission is powerful enough. Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones, printers, modems and headsets. The technology is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i. e. with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files). Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices. Any Bluetooth device can, in theory, host any other Bluetooth device. This makes using services easier because there is no longer a need to set up network addresses or permissions as in many other network. More prevalent applications of Bluetooth include: Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a hands-free headset. This was one of the earliest applications to become popular. Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required. Wireless communications with PC input and output devices, the most common being the mouse, keyboard and printer. Replacement of traditional wired serial communications in test equipment, GPS receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices. For controls where infrared was traditionally used. Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth enabled advertising hoardings to other, discoverable, Bluetooth devices. Future of Bluetooth: * Broadcast Channel: enables Bluetooth information points. This will drive the adoption of Bluetooth into mobile phones, and enable advertising models based around users pulling information from the information points, and not based around the object push model that is used in a limited way today. Topology Management: enables the automatic configuration of the piconet topologies especially in scatternet situations that are becoming more common today. This should all be invisible to the users of the technology, while also making the technology just work. * Alternate MAC PHY: enables the use of alternative MAC and PHYs for transporting Bluetooth profile data. The Bluetooth Radio will still be used for device discovery, initial connection and profile configuration, however when lots of data needs to be sent, the high speed alternate MAC PHYs will be used to transport the data. This means that the proven low power connection models of Bluetooth are used when the system is idle, and the low power per bit radios are used when lots of data needs to be sent. * QoS improvements: enable audio and video data to be transmitted at a higher quality, especially when best effort traffic is being transmitted in the same piconet. Figure: -A typical Bluetooth USB dongle * 3-G Mobile: 2. 54 3 G falls into the category of broadband access. 2. 5G- GSM (EDGE/GPRS), CDMA 3G-VMTS/WCDMA, CDMA, speed achieved by 3G is 384K(M),2048K(S) Technology| 3G| Frequency Band| 1. 8-2. 5 GHz| Bandwidth| 5-20 MHz| Data Rate| Up-to 2 Mbps| Access| W-CDMA| FEC| Turbo-Codes| Switching| Cirsuit/Packet| Figure: -3G Services * Wi-Fi: A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC, game console, cell phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi technology has served to set up mesh networks, for example, in London. Both architectures can operate in community networks. In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can make access publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other. This connectivity mode can prove useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications. Figure : -A keychain size Wi-Fi detector. Operational advantages: Wi-Fi allows LANs (Local Area Networks) to be deployed without cabling for client devices, typically reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. * WiMAX WiMAX, an approximate acronym of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology that provides for the wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular-type access. The technology provides upto 70 Mb/sec symmetric broadband speed without the need for cables. The technology is based on the IEEE 802. 16 standard (also called WirelessMAN). The name WiMAX was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. Uses: The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications: * Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet. * Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile broadband access. * Providing data and telecommunications services. Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. That is, if a business has a fixed and a wireless Internet connection, especially from unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by the same service outage. * Providing portable connectivity. Comparison with Wi-Fi: Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi are frequent, possibly because both begin with the same two letters, are based upon IEEE standards beginning with 802. , and are related to wireless connectivity and Internet access. However, the two standards are aimed at different applications. WiMAX is a long-range system, covering many miles/kilometers that typically uses licensed spectrum (although it is possible to use unlicensed spectrum) to deliver a point-to-point connection to the Internet from an ISP to an end user. Different 802. 16 standards provide different types of access, from mobile (similar to a cellphone) to fixed (an alternative to wired access, where the end users wireless termination point is fixed in location. ) * Wi-Fi is generally a shorter range system, typically tens of yards/meters, though its range can be extended to over a kilometer using directional antennas. Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum to provide access to a network. Typically Wi-Fi is used by an end user to access his/her own network, which may or may not be connected to the Internet. If WiMAX provides services analogous to a cellphone, Wi-Fi is similar to a cordless phone. * WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms. WiMAX uses a mechanism based on connections between the Base Station and the user device. Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms, which means that QoS parameters can be guaranteed for each flow. Wi-Fi has introduced a QoS mechanism similar to fixed Ethernet, where packets can receive different priorities based on their tags. This means that QoS is relative between packets/flows, as opposed to guaranteed. * WiMAX is highly scalable from what are called femto-scale remote stations to multi-sector maxi scale base that handle complex tasks of management and mobile handoff functions and include MIMO-AAS smart antenna subsystems. * LMDS: Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS) is a radio-based access system. A fixed base-antenna (typically on a high building or tower) called Hub, services a number of users, which are also fixed. (Customer antenna on top of building). The access has a broadband capacity it can be used for all kinds of telecom services: * POTS or ISDN telephony. * Data services such as LAN interconnect, ATM, IP networks, etc. * Digital Video broadcasting. And potential customers are: * Businesses * Schools, Libraries, Health care providers * Residential consumers Each Hub is at the center of cell, a few kilometers in size, containing hundreds or thousands of users. Interconnections between hubs are typically done through fiber-optic core networks. The radio frequencies used are in the range 28 GHz to 42 GHz. This requires line-of-sight between hub and end-user. The word Local in LMDS refers to the relative short distance, or small cell-size. The words Multipoint Distribution refers to the point to multipoint nature. Figure 36: Local Multipoint Distribution Services * Free Space Optics (FSO): It is optical wireless, point-to-point line of sight broadband technology that is an alternative to fiber optic cable systems. It can transmit up to 1. 25 Gbps at a distance of 4 miles. * Satellite: It offers two-way Internet access via satellite orbiting the earth about 22000 miles above equator. PC through a special satellite modem broadcasts the requests to the satellite dish located on top of the roof / building which in turn transmits receives signal from the satellites. But it is slower in uplink as well as in downlink. BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) www. bsnl. co. in (2) www. wikipedia. org (3) www. howstuffworks. com (4) www. esnips. com

Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Example

Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Example Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Principles of Marketing Name: Robert Barnes Student Number: 21154021 Institution: University of West London Table of Contents Introduction Question Personality Motivation Conflict Question Bibliography Introduction The case study I have chosen to cover is â€Å"Breezing out for a night on the tiles†. It discusses the rise of the premium pre-mixed drinks industry between 1995-2000, in particular the Bacardi Breezer brand. It looks at the marketing activity which has taken place and the brand association the marketers aimed to achieve. In this report I will be exploring the buying process involved when purchasing an alcoholic beverage, the influencing factors when making a decision and the role that marketing plays, in these decisions. The definition of marketing is â€Å"The management process which identifies anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitably. † Adrian Palmer 2004 Personality noun (plural personalities) The coon of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character: – Oxford Dictionary 2012 ENTJ Frank, decisive, assume leadership readily. Quickly see illogical and inefficient procedures and policies, develop and implement comprehensive systems to solve organisational problems. Enjoy long-term planning and goal setting. Usually well informed, well read, enjoy expanding their knowledge and passing it on to others. Forceful in presenting their ideas. Introduction to Type, Sixth Edition by Isabel Briggs-Myers 1998 Question 1 Q. Give an overview of how the buying decision-making process might work for purchasing an alcoholic drink in a pub or club. How would this differ when purchasing alcohol in a supermarket or off licence? A. The Theory To answer this question we first need to look at the theories in marketing associated to the buying process, influences and behaviours. Diagram 2. 0 is the structure of the buying process based on the â€Å"Cognitive Paradigm† theory (Pickton and Broderick 2001) which focuses on the individuals thought process, during a buying decision. It assumes that the buying decision is approached as a problem solving activity and that the consumer is being rational throughout the process. It is widely used as the default theory by marketers and sales professionals when structuring campaigns. It does not however accurately describe the process that occurs during extreme impulse or irrational purchases, which are both, almost intangible processes. For the purpose of this exercise, we will assume that the responsible purchase of alcohol is approached, both rationally and thoughtfully. Diagram 2. 0 The Buying Process. Source: Marketing Communications, by John Egan. 2007) Step 1 of the process is the â€Å"Problem Recognition†. This is the identification of a need, such as â€Å"I am hungry, therefore I need to eat†. It can however be very complex and the consumer may require education or informing before recognising a problem exists, such as a dentist telling you, you need a filling, even though you hadn’t felt any pain in that tooth. Marketers can exploit this step by feeding information to consumers for goods and services, they hadn’t realised they needed. Step 2 of the process is the â€Å"Information Search†. This is when an individual has identified a need but may need to research to find the right solution. For example, if a student identifies a need for a computer, but has a limited budget, he or she might research information to identify the best option for the budget they have. This step can skipped if the consumer has enough knowledge, regarding the possible solutions. Step 3 of the process is â€Å"Evaluation†. This is when more than one option is available to solve the identified need, and the consumer wants to experience these before purchasing. An example would be someone test driving multiple cars before purchasing one. Effectively they will all satisfy the same need, but the consumer wants to know what the experience is, before making the decision. This step can skipped if the consumer has previous experience or is happy with a certain product or service beforehand. Step 4 of the process is â€Å"Decision†. This is simply the final choose for a solution to the identified need, after weighing up all options. Again, a consumer can move directly to this step from â€Å"Problem Recognition† if enough prior knowledge exists. Step 5 of the process is â€Å"Purchase†. This is when the decision is executed and the goods or services are acquired. Step 6 of the process is â€Å"Post-Purchase Evaluation†. This is when you access you satisfaction with your product or service after you have acquired it. If a great experience is had, it will lead to a higher likelihood that you will purchase that product or service again. Applying the theory Table 2. 0 is an application of the above theory, for an individual going through the buying process at both a club and supermarket. Buying Process Step| Nightclub or Pub| Supermarket| Problem Recognition| * A want to let loose. * A need for confidence. * A desire to fit in or stand-out. An aspiration to impress. | * Alcohol for cooking. * Thoughts of a night in. * A desire to relax and unwind. * Drinks for guests and friends. * Cheap drinks before going out. | Information Search| * Advertisement around the club. * Bottles behind the bar. * Drink cocktail menus. * What others are drinking. * Peer and/or social pressure. | * The label on the bottle. * Prices and special offers. * Staff knowledge. | Evaluation| * Tasting a friends drink. * Design of the bottle. * Recognition of a brand. | * Description on label. * Design and quality of bottle. Alcohol percentage. * Brand recognition. | Decision| * Information processed and decision made. | * Information processed and decision made. | Purchase| * Majority of exchanges in cash. | * Majority of exchanges by credit card. | Post-Purchase Evaluation| * Did that get me dr unk? * Did I like the taste? * Do I want another one? * Did it give me a hangover? | * Did I like the taste? * Was it good value? * Will I buy it again? * Did it get me to the desired level of drunkenness? | Table 2. 0 – The Buying Process of Alcohol in Different Environments. What this application of theory shows, is that there are different factors in play when buying alcohol in a club or pub compared to a supermarket, but the process remains the same. These factors are different mostly due to the environment, information availability, the individual’s intent and marketing strategies. If selling a drink in a club or pub it is more important for your drink to be seen as â€Å"cool† socially and price is less of a factor whereas if selling in a supermarket, your drink needs to be competitively priced yet still demonstrate a level of quality. Question 2 Q.Detail the individual and group influences that are likely to affect someone’s choice of drink brand? A. The Theory Diagram 3. 0 demonstrates the individual and group influencing factors when making a buying decision. Diagram 2. 1 – Factors affecting buying decisions. (Source: Marketing Communications, by John Egan. 2007) Our strongest influences when making a buying decision are our internal beliefs and values. These include Attitude, Perception, Learning, Memory and Motivation. The next in terms of influencing power are Primary Groups. Primary groups are made up of close friends, family and people who you respect. You are affected by these groups by the opinions and values they hold. The next group in terms of influencing power is the Secondary Group. This group is made up of people you know but not closely, or people who you may aspire to be like. Lastly there are influences depending on your Culture, Race or Religion, that will affect your decision when buying something. There are also External factors that include things that are beyond your control, such as Fashion, Law, Time ect. So how do these factors affect someone when buying an alcoholic drink? Well if I was out with my family, I would be unlikely to order shots, as they would not approve, whereas if I was out with close friends, then this would be the opposite. The secondary group has the same effect, but is less powerful in its influence. Question 3 Q. Explain the roles of the various marketing activities described in this case in influencing consumer behaviour. A. In 2000 Bacardi spent ? 14m on a campaign to promote their brand â€Å"Bacardi Breezer†. The reason to do this is to influence people decisions when making a buying decision. Bacardi’s first large campaign was in 1999 when they spent ? 5. 6m. The campaign was headlined with the slogan â€Å"there’s Latin spirit in everyone† aimed at the 18-24 year old market. This campaign was created to give the brand an exotic, cool to be seen drinking appeal and was aimed at the demographic that would most likely be drinking in an environment where these factors we important in their buying decision. This campaign established Bacardi Breezer as one of the major players in the alco-pop industry. Bibliography John Martin, 2010. Organizational Behaviour Management. 4th Revised edition Edition. South Western Educational Publishing. John Martin, 2004. Organizational Behaviour And Management. Edition. Thomson Learning. Laurie J. Mullins, 2006. Essentials of Management and Organisational Behaviour. Edition. FT Press. Isabel Briggs Myers, 1998. Introduction to Type: A Guide to Understanding Your Results on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. 6th Edition. Center for Applications of. Adrian Furnham, 2008. Personality and Intelligence at Work: Exploring and Explaining Individual Differences at Work. 1 Edition. Routledge. Stephen P. Robins, 2010. Organizational Behaviour. 1 Edition. Pearson Books. John Ivancevich, 2010. Organizational Behavior and Management. 9 Edition. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

How Will Astronomy Archives Survive the Data Tsunami Case Study

How Will Astronomy Archives Survive the Data Tsunami - Case Study Example Archives operate within an environment where resources, mostly financial are limited (Chaisson & McMillan, 2011). When the response time for astronomy queries increases, so is the cost of obtaining data from the archives. This impresses on the need to search for further technological techniques, which are more efficient and cost effective. Various performance degradation issues associated with the growing trend are indicated by the archived astronomical data. First, there is growth in the usage of the archived data, increasing the access and queries associated with the archived data sets. This effectively reduces the efficiency of data access, while also increasing the response time involved in queries (Berriman & Groom, 2011). The decreased efficiency and increased response time has the effect of making the study into this field less efficient, thus discouraging the widening of the knowledge base in astronomy. Most significant is the fact that, the growth in archived astronomical da ta increases the demand for such data, encourages the creation of more sophisticated queries and analysis techniques, which in turn increases the storage, computation and database costs (Berriman & Groom, 2011). This serves to make the access to archived astronomical data more expensive for users. Additionally, the increased volume of archived astronomical data means that it is now more accessible, thus influencing the research undertaken in this field, since most researchers are now using the archived data to undertake their research, at the expense of newly acquired data (Chaisson & McMillan, 2011). This practice is detrimental to the growth of astronomy, since new research and enquiries are rarely made, thus making new discoveries and innovations in this field impractical. The effect of this is to limit the knowledge base of the astronomy field, while also enhancing the regurgitation of data and provision of redundant and irrelevant study findings (NRC, 2011). The essence of rese arch is to promote new enquiries and discoveries in certain field, with a view to creating new knowledge, while also enhancing creativity and innovation in solving the problems associated with the field (Berriman & Groom, 2011). With a continued publication of more papers using the archived data sets, the hope of new discoveries and innovations in this field is extinguished. The increased volume of archived astronomy data has also caused performance degradation of various astronomical data institutions such as NASA’s Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC) and Infrared Science Archive (IRSA), through affecting their reporting abilities (Berriman & Groom, 2011). Following these performance degradation issues, a need for alternative archival techniques has risen. One such alternative archival technique is graphical processing units (GPUs), which is a technique developed to enhance the output of an image that occurs on a display device (Berriman & Groom, 2011). Neverthele ss, while this technique is meant to help in reducing the inefficiencies associated with large volumes of archived astronomical data, the technique has proved to be ineffective due to various reasons. First, the technique is only applicable in graphic-like

Wynn Resorts Financial Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wynn Resorts Financial Summary - Essay Example alents, cost of sales, total current assets, gross profit, long term debt, net income (loss), total equity, inventory and total assets for the years 2012 and 2011. The output also shows changes and percentage changes in the items over the two peariods. Debt to equity ratio defines the ratio of an entity’s capital that is contributed by third parties to owner’s equity. It is an instrumental tool to potential investors and lenders as it indicates levels of certainty of the entity’s continuity. It is determined by the following formula, Return on investment is a profitability ratio that compares the profit performance to the investment made towards that profit. It is fundamental to investors as users of financial statements. It is obtained from the formula, Liquidity refers to an institution’s ability to have cash or cash equivalents from which it can meet its short-term obligations. A firm that has readily available cash or current assets that can be easily converted to cash, such as inventory that can be sold or debtors that can pay to boost the entity’s cash reserve, is therefore said to be more liquid than one with less cash equivalents. Liquidity is further evaluated with respect to short-term obligations. A firm with higher current assets than current liabilities, hence a high current ratio is for instance more liquid that one with a smaller current ratio (Khan and Jain, p. 6- 40). The company’s liquidity decreased from the year 2010 to the year 2011 with values of 1.76 and 1.09 respectively. This meant, on a short-term basis, that the company’s operations relied more on short-term debts, as compared to its current assets, in the year 2011 than in 2010. It also means a lower probability of acquiring short term debts hence strained short-term performance (Khan and Jain, p. 6- 40). The gross profit margin defines a measure of an organization’s products profitability. The company experienced an improvement in its gross profit margin that

Effect of Teacher Empowerment on Student Learning Outcomes

Effect of Teacher Empowerment on Student Learning Outcomes The question that faces educational leaders in Pakistan is how to select and implement appropriate educational reforms that will move schools toward greater effectiveness and provide enhanced learning and work environments for both students and teachers. A vast literature addresses the importance of leadership in school organizations.(Leithwood, 1992; Pounder,2006; Merideth, 2007). However this leadership has to be distributed not only to the principal but to the other stakeholders that are the students and the teachers above all. Although these arguments have been largely mounted in western countries, they also have significance in the Pakistani setting. A supportive school organization typically is not present in Pakistani schools, where internal politics, lack of resources, disinterest in pupil learning and school improvement by management result in demotivating and ignoring the teachers. (UNESCO: Situation Analysis of Teacher Education in Pakistan) According to Pounder (2006), research on the subject of leadership has focused mainly on administrators, principals and district superintendents. Only recently the research focus has moved towards leadership of individuals in other roles, namely teachers. Research indicates that teacher quality, and supportive school organization and management, significantly influence school improvement, and eventually pupil learning. The bottom line, however, is that school improvement is about school learning. Student learning is the most important part of schooling (Harris, 2004) Teacher empowerment has become a popular term widely seen in many discussions on school restructuring or educational reform. Research on teachers professional growth, school organization, school leadership, or educational innovation all consider teacher empowerment as the term which is considered to be synonym and compatible to teacher leadership. According to Viviane et al (2008) the leadership dimension which is strongly associated with the positive outcomes is that of promoting and participating in teacher learning and development-that is empowering teachers, for enhancing students learning outcomes. This literature review will consider an important issue within the focus area: what impact teachers have on the students learning outcomes when they are empowered? The questions guiding this research are; Why is teacher empowerment emphasized upon in recent educational innovation? What does teacher empowerment mean? What is the role of administrators in empowering teachers? How can students benefit from the idea of teacher empowerment? WHAT DOES TEACHER ENPOWERMENT MEAN? Teachers are established as instrumental stakeholders in planning, implementing, and assessing curriculum. They may benefit from undertaking leadership roles.( Stone, Sandra J. (1995) Though faced with an enormous pressure of high level of expectations and demands, they can successfully integrate their knowledge and understanding with new leadership vision, and eventually into the learning experiences of their students.( Blase, J. and Blasà ©, J. 2001) Sheppard, B; Hurley, N; Dibbon, D,(2010) recognize a very positive impact of school leaders on student learning however they establish an indirect link between, the effects of school leadership and students. Their research is directed at identifying the leadership variables that influence student learning, teacher morale and enthusiasm being one of them.. Grant, C. et al (2010),discusses the restricted role of teacher leadership. He believes that although teachers possess the ability and vision of shared leadership, they are rarely involved in activities beyond their classrooms. Some collaboration with other teachers in curricular and extra-curricular activities is seen but there was substantially less teacher leadership in relation to school-wide as well as community issues. Paula M. Short (1994) defines empowerment as a process whereby school participants develop the competence to take charge of their own growth and resolve their own problems. Empowered individuals believe they have the skills and knowledge to act on a situation and improve it. Empowered schools are organizations that create opportunities for competence to be developed and displayed. She adds: Teacher empowerment is a complex construct. While empowerment generally is associated with site-based management and shared decision making Involvement in decision making, teacher impact, teacher status, autonomy, opportunities for professional development, and teacher self-efficacy. School improvement is not possible without the empowerment of teachers. Teachers who are empowered have the power to make decisions about curriculum, pedagogy and assessment, they become risk takers by experimenting with new ideas, reading new books, and attending and planning professional development activities. (McCarty, 1993). Heads and school leaders must provide assistance to provide sovereignty and freedom of movement to the teachers They also need to develop ways that promote teacher participation in the decision- and policy-making activities of the school. Empowerment is considered to be as important an attribute as are mutual trust, support and recognition to bring about a sense of professionalism, leading to the development of leadership qualities in teachers. (Mujis Harris, 2003).She suggested that teachers can develop into transformational leaders in their schools if all aspects of the system are re-aligned and re-examined. The responsibility of the administration and superintendent has been highlighted by many researchers in order to bring about this transformation. (Pounder, 2006) The leadership of the principal is necessary but not sufficient. Teachers make a big difference. How can teachers skills be developed? What professional difference will they make? Teachers need to work together and trust each other. It is very important that leadership is shared. (Harris, 2006) Teachers have an extraordinary opportunity to exercise leadership because they are the most powerful influence, next to students, on other teachers practice (Darling-Hammond, 2003). York-Barr and Duke (2004) reported, In this day of high accountability, the need and potential for teacher leadership as well as the press for results, has probably never been greater. Because teacher leaders work within a system that either supports or acts as a barrier to its success, the roles of administrators are important to review According to these researchers, teacher leadership is the process by which teachers, individually or collectively, influence their colleagues, principals, and other members of the school communities to improve teaching and learning practices with the aim of increased student learning and achievement. Such team leadership work involves three intentional development foci: individual development, collaboration or team development, and organizational development. Empowered teachers and children become risk-takers, collaborators and self-evaluators.(Stone and Sandra, 1995) They emerge as intrinsically motivated, responsible and independent individuals. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF PRINCIPALS IN ENPOWERING TEACHERS? A variety of research articles and their findings are present in the field of education in USA and UK. Most of them agree on the key leadership roles assumed by the school principals to help teachers to develop as professionals who are confident and committed, possess specialized knowledge and expertise, collaborate with colleagues and undertake leadership roles both within and outside their classes.( Harris, A. and Lambert, L. 2003) Principals are the promoters of a environment which results in a paradigm shift of powers from those at the top of pyramid to those who are working in close collaboration with the learners- that is the teachers. This mode of shifting responsibilities and power to teachers results in shared decision-making, which is essential to school reform and to the changing demands in a global world. Results of various studies indicate that teacher empowerment is most closely related to principals social attractiveness (perceived similarity to teachers) and trustworthiness (perceived willingness to suppress ones own self-interest for the benefit of the school (Blase, J. and Blasà ©, J. 2001). The role of the leaders is to facilitate the development of teachers so that they will have the power and ability to determine important things about their work and schools. As indicated above, recent development on school reform, organizational studies, teachers professional development, and school leadership all point to the importance of teacher empowerment. Empowerment is not easy and it can not be accomplished in a short span of time. However, it can invoke real thinking and learning as well as meaningful action. If teachers are directly involved in leading the improvement effort they, would act as leaders without occupying any formal leadership roles. (Ghamrawi N.2010,). Schools need to cultivate this largely untapped resource for change and improvement in schools by providing teachers with leadership opportunities, appropriate training, and professional support empowerment in short. (Rizvi M.,2008) .An active and effective teacher leader can directly impact the school, its teachers and most importantly the students. There seems little doubt that both district and school leadership provides a critical bridge between most educational-reform initiatives, and having those reforms make a genuine difference for all students. Such leadership comes from many sources, not just superintendents and principals. But those in formal positions of authority in school systems are likely still the most influential. Efforts to improve their recruitment, training, evaluation and ongoing development should be considered highly cost-effective approaches to successful school improvement. School principals have an important role to play in building teacher leadership capacity by promoting teacher leadership learning teams, helping them clarify their vision, and encouraging them to develop habits that will enable them to make the most of their collaborative efforts. Many researchers have tried to develop a link between the distributed leadership of school heads and principals and consider it an important step towards empowering the staff. (Harris, 2003). They consider that the leadership of the principal is necessary but not sufficient. The principal is also more likely to be seen by staff as a source of instructional advice, which suggests that they are both more accessible and more knowledgeable about instructional matters than their counterparts in otherwise similar lower achieving schools Ash and Persall (2000) also in agreement to the view that principals must create an environment that supports collaboration among teachers; provides time for teachers professional development; and recognizes, rewards, and celebrates the concept of the teacher as leader The crucial role of principal is evident from the survey reports of The American Teacher: An Examination of School Leadership (2009) which reports that many teachers fear their chances to influence decisions about their profession are eroding. Teachers believe that principals spend more time on reporting and compliance than on guiding and motivating teachers, but principals report that the reverse is true. Principals must change this perception so that teachers feel empowered as school leaders. IMPACT OF TEACHER EMPOWERMENT ON STUDENTS Empowerment is important for children, as well. If empowerment changes how teachers view their work, empowering children should improve their view of learning. The foundations needed for empowering teachers and children include respect, validation and success. Once empowered, the individual changes. Research confirms the important influence of the classroom teacher on student achievement (Leithwood et al, 2010). A key issue, then, is how the quality of teaching and learning within individual classrooms can be influenced and improved. They argue that educational leadership has a key influence on the quality of teaching and learning and thus student achievement Motivated, engaged students are central to lasting school improvement. It is a mistake to think that reform done to students by well meaning adults will be successful, since in the end it is students who must do the learning. Students can play an important role in school improvement when they are asked to do so and conditions created to allow them to do so. Until 1960s it was widely believed that schools made little difference to student achievement, which was believed to be largely predetermined due to heredity, family background and socioeconomic context. Opinion on the effect that schools, teachers and educational leaders can have on student outcomes has also fluctuated. The influence of educational leadership on teacher and student performance has generally been underestimated, and that measured direct effects of leadership, which some researchers have found to be very low, are outweighed by indirect and antecedent effects such as school history, context and organization, with school climate acting as an intermediate variable between leadership and classroom achievement (De Maeyer et al., 2007), As noted, school leadership traditionally focused on the principal but today it is recognized that there can be many leaders in a school, including deputy principals, heads of department, program and committee chairs and teachers; it is agreed and seen as desirable that leadership is distributed. Student and community leadership also need to be recognized. Studies show school leaders can improve student learning by enhancing the conditions or status of selected variables on the four paths, i.e., rational, emotions, organizational and family. Leithwood (2010) points out that school leaders and leadership researchers should be guided directly by existing evidences about school, classroom and family variables with powerful effect on student learning, when taking decisions about school improvement. In America endeavors are being made towards developing educators professionally with programmes like learning forward by National Staff Development Council with slogans like every educator engages ineffective professional learning every day so every student achieves Students are considered important ultimate stakeholders .While doing research on the effect of teacher control on series of outcomes Ingeroll (2007) concluded that these outcomes are directly connected to the distribution of power and control in schools. Schools fostering empowerment have fewer student misbehavior problems, show more teacher collegiality and co-operation among teachers and administrators. Donaldson (2006) views teacher leadership cultivates the will and the ability to improve practice by three streams .i.e. by attending to the quality of relationships, by keeping purposes and goals in mind and by focusing on improving children learning. This is how a close bond is established between the empowerment of self and its impact on students learning. CONCLUSION The pendulum has swung for teachers as change agents from the days of relative powerlessness when teachers were cast not only in a passive role but frequently in the role of active obstructionists (Charles, 1971). The educational research has come a long way in establishing theories through evidences and findings. Contrary to the discussions so far, most teachers are known to become disengaged from leadership roles. (Gronn, 2003) discusses the disengagement of school leaders-the shunning of leadership roles by potential candidates (i.e. teachers). He argues that the main cause is the amplification of professional work, describing the new work orders of educational leadership as long hours, endless demands, punishing pace and continual frustration-hardly an attractive proposition for those considering taking up leadership roles. The positive role of principals in fostering the transformation of teachers to participants in decision making ventures cannot be ignored. Similar observations have been recorded by Gokà §e (2009) in Turkish schools, where a significant difference was found between the opinions of teachers and school principals. Teachers expect principals to show more effective behaviour in the change process. Bush (2008) in an editorial quotes Leithwood et al.s (2006) assessment that leadership is second only to classroom teaching as an influence on pupil learning leading to the inevitable conclusion that head teachers, principals and senior staff should undertake specific preparation for the distinctive role of educational leadership and management., then, and only then can the teachers feel empowered to exercise control over the different domains in and outside the classroom. In a study conducted by Rhodes and Brundrett (2008) emerging from the focus group phase, empowerment, support and controlled risk taking, were endorsed by heads to contribute towards effective in-house leadership development .. A culture of trust and collaboration is essential, as is a shared vision of where the school needs to go.. In the developed and emergent teacher leadership schools, barriers to teacher leadership were mainly external to the school (Daniel Muijs and Alma Harris2007).They suggest that developing teacher leadership is not an easy process. It is closely related to re-culturing as it means a fundamental shift in the purposes and practices of the school Literature in favour of the role of teacher as a change agent in transforming learners includes James S. Pounder (2006), according to whom the third wave emphasizes that teacher leadership is a process rather than a positional concept. A fourth wave of teacher leadership could include transformational classroom leadership as one of the defining qualities of a teacher leader and could embrace both school and university contexts. According to Leithwood, K., et al (2004): There seems little doubt that both district and school leadership provides a critical bridge between most educational-reform initiatives, and having those reforms make a genuine difference for all students. Such leadership comes from many sources, not just superintendents and principals. But those in formal positions of authority in school systems are likely still the most influential. Efforts to improve their recruitment, training, evaluation and ongoing development should be considered highly cost-effective approaches to successful school improvement. In contradiction to the various theories put forward by the renowned researchers like Leithwood et al (2004) and Gronn (2003), and beliefs adopted by agencies like the National College for School Leader ship (NCSL) in England, David Hartley (2009) in the book Distributed Leader ship According to the Evidence, suggests a casual relationship between distributed leader ship and pupil outcomes. He suggests two outcomes of distributed leadership which we assume form the predecessor of empowerment of teachers; one being the organizational variable, the other effect is that upon pupils achievement. According to the co-authors of the book, there is no clear correlation between the pattern of leader ship distribution in the qualitative data and the student test results evidence. This is a notoriously difficult matter to measure, for it is not easy to isolate the direct effect of distributed leader ship as an independent variable as the policy-makers have been ahead of the evidence in their en dorsement of distributed leader ship as a means to bring about the effective school The optimistic views presented by the renowned authors opens many a venues for further researches in this context.. Teacher leadership research is well established in the USA and Canada and, in the last decade, it has become a focus of research activity in the UK. However, in Pakistan teacher leadership is relatively unknown as an area of research although, UNESCO and the World Bank are funding studies to develop strategies for teacher education and professional development. We have still to go a long way to recognize and change the mind-set of our school heads and principals to empower the teachers and include them in decision making and policy making activities. Muijs and Harris (2003), summaries the concept of teacher leadership, empowerment, and its governing factors as below, and accept that there is still a need for research in the UK. In summary, teacher leadership is centrally concerned with forms of empowerment and agency which are also at the core of distributed leadership theory It is concluded that teacher leadership could have beneficial effects on school improvement, school and teacher effectiveness and teacher motivation and retention, but that the right conditions need to be in place in order for teacher leadership to flourish. The lack of research on teacher leadership in the UK is noted. More than a decade ago, findings by Pounder, D.G. et al.(1995), pointed towards the lack of obvious leadership relations between levels-school district, school, and classroom-and their effect upon multiple measures of school performance. Much research has been undertaken since then, still the latest review of literature shows that there is a need to fill the void existing between a direct impact of teacher empowerment and the enhancement of students learning. We have to look further for measurable success indicators in order to produce quantitative results in support of the myriad of qualitative results that establish the positive association between teachers empowerment and student achievement.